Non-tumor
- Bacterial infection (discitis)
- Tuberculous infection
Benign
- Neurofibroma (enlarging foramen)
- Hemangioma
- Aneurysmal bone cyst
- Giant cell tumor
Malignant
Notes
- Non-tuberculous infection is centered at the disc space with involvement of the vertebral end plates on either side of the disc.
- Soft tissue neurofibromas may cause enlargement of foramina with surrounding sclerosis.
- Hemangioma is usually an incidental finding, with typical coarsened vertical trabeculae.
- Aneurysmal bone cyst and giant cell tumor can be destructive and may cause neurologic damage.
- Metastatic disease usually starts in the pedicle.
Other Differential Diagnoses by Anatomic Location
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